Fall. First in a series of courses that develop reading, speaking, listening, writing, and cultural skills in Arabic. Course includes video materials and stresses communication in formal and spoken Arabic.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Arabic 101 or permission of instructor. Second in a series of courses that develop reading, speaking, listening, writing, and cultural skills in Arabic. Course includes video materials and stresses communication in formal and spoken Arabic.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Arabic 102 or permission of instructor. Third in a series of courses that develop reading, speaking, listening, writing, and cultural skills in Arabic. Course includes video materials and stresses communication in formal and spoken Arabic.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Arabic 201 or permission of instructor. Fourth in a series of courses that develop reading, speaking, listening, writing, and cultural skills in Arabic. Course includes video materials and stresses communication in formal and spoken Arabic.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Arabic 202 or permission of instructor. Fifth in a series of courses that develop reading, speaking, listening, writing, and cultural skills in Arabic. Course includes video materials and stresses communication in formal and spoken Arabic.

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Sixth in a series of courses that develop reading, speaking, listening, writing, and cultural skills in Arabic. Course includes video materials and stresses communication in formal and spoken Arabic.

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Sixth in a series of courses that develop reading, speaking, listening, writing, and cultural skills in Arabic. Course includes video materials and stresses communication in formal and spoken Arabic.

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This course combines advanced textbook-based instruction with various genres of Arabic literature. Students will practice the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing, with particular emphasis on written expression. All class activities will be conducted in Arabic.

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This course combines advanced textbook-based instruction with various genres of Arabic literature. Students will practice the four skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing, with particular emphasis on written expression. All class activities will be conducted in Arabic.

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Introduction to Arabic literary genres from classical and modern periods. Topics include history, sociology, politics, travel, biography, poetry, literature, philosophy, newspapers, scholarly journals, biography of the Prophet Muhammad (Sira), and Qur'anic exegesis (Tafsir).

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Introduction to Arabic literary genres from classical and modern periods. Topics include history, sociology, politics, travel, biography, poetry, literature, philosophy, newspapers, scholarly journals, biography of the Prophet Muhammad (Sira), and Qur'anic exegesis (Tafsir).

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Study and discussion of written and audio visual texts dealing with various aspects of Arab culture and society. Texts vary according to interests of students; may be repeated for credit.

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Arabic dialects have been spoken continuously from Mauritania in the west to Iraq in the east. This course combines a broad introduction to the field with concrete experience working with Arabic dialects, exploring the historical development of the dialects and their relationship to Literary Arabic.

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Prerequisite: Arabic 302 or equivalent and approval of MESAS curriculum committee. For advanced students who wish to pursue independent study and research of Arabic texts.

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Fall. First in a series of courses designed to teach speaking, writing, reading, and comprehension of modern Hebrew. No previous knowledge of Hebrew required.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Hebrew 101 or permission of instructor. Second in a series of courses designed to teach speaking, writing, reading, and comprehension of modern Hebrew.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Hebrew 102 or permission of instructor. Third in a series of courses designed to teach modern Hebrew, with emphasis on grammatical structure and expansion of vocabulary; includes short stories, newspaper articles, and conversation.

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Spring. Prerequisite: Hebrew 201 or permission of instructor. Fourth in a series of courses designed to teach modern Hebrew with emphasis on grammatical structure and expansion of vocabulary; includes short stories, newspaper articles, and conversation.

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Supervised readings in Hebrew.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Hebrew 202 or permission of instructor. Fifth in a series of courses designed to teach modern Hebrew, advanced study of grammar, vocabulary, and stylistics; intensive practice speaking and writing Hebrew.

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Sixth in a series of courses designed to teach modern Hebrew, advanced study of grammar, vocabulary, and stylistics; intensive practice speaking and writing Hebrew.

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Sixth in a series of courses designed to teach modern Hebrew, advanced study of grammar, vocabulary, and stylistics; intensive practice speaking and writing Hebrew.

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Close analysis of selected poetry or prose in Hebrew.

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Close analysis of selected poetry or prose in Hebrew.

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This course intends to train students in close reading of classical Hebrew texts such as the Hebrew Bible, the Mishna, Pirkei Avot, and more.

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Designed especially to enable students with background in Biblical Hebrew to read modern publications in the field of Biblical studies.

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Readings in modern Hebrew prose, poetry, and drama in the original, with emphasis on literary and social issues.

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Advanced study of the language used in the Israeli media; includes selections from newspapers, radio, and television broadcasts.

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Prerequisites: Hebrew 302 or equivalent. This course examines the development of the Hebrew language in different periods and in the framework of other Semitic languages using methodologies of historical linguistics and sociolinguistics.

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Prerequisite: Hebrew 302 or equivalent and approval of MESAS curriculum committee. Can be used for directed study of Hebrew literature in the original or for other interdisciplinary research in Hebrew.

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Fall. First in a series of courses that seek to develop listening, reading, speaking, writing, and cultural skills in Hindi. Primarly for students with no previous knowledge of Hindi.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Hindi 101 or permission of instructor. Second in a series of courses that seek to develop listening, reading, speaking, writing, and cultural skills in Hindi.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Hindi 102 or permission of instructor. Third in a series of courses that seek to develop listening, reading, speaking, writing, and cultural skills in Hindi.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Hindi 201 or permission of instructor. Fourth in a series of courses that seek to develop listening, reading, speaking, and writing skills in Hindi.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Hindi 202 or permission of instructor. Fifth in a series of courses that seek to develop listening, reading, speaking, and writing skills in Hindi.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Hindi 301 or permission of instructor. Sixth in a series of courses that seek to develop listening, reading, speaking, and writing skills in Hindi.

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Study and discussion of written and audio-visual texts dealing with Hindi literature and literary traditions, as well as various aspects of Indian culture and society.

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Prerequisites: Hindi 302 or equivalent and approval of MESAS curriculum committee. Can be used for directed study of Hindi literature in the original or for other interdisciplinary research in Hindi.

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Introduction to the history, geography, and religions of the Middle East from ancient to modern times, focusing on how this history helped shape the Middle East of today. Required of all Middle East studies majors.

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This course is a multidisciplinary introduction to the civilizations of South Asia, including an overview of the history and historiography of the region from its prehistory to the present.

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This course is an introduction to the institutions and folklore of the ethnic communities in modern Israeli society and culture. In English; no knowledge of Hebrew required.

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Readings (in English) of major works from Biblical narrative to modern Hebrew, Yiddish, and Jewish fiction. Class discussions deal with topics such as Jewish identity, exile, humor, and satire. Satisfies GER IV.A.

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This course traces the place of women, men, and children in Islamic societies and examines gender perspectives in the writing of Islamic history via the site of the harem.

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This course examines the culture of Ancient Egypt and the process by which European societies

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This course sets the story of the cultures and religions of ancient Iraq, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, within the cultural and historical matricies in which they developed.

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MESAS 160 explores how sacred texts have shaped the culture and history of the Middle East and South Asia. We will examine the history, interpretation and impact of the sacred texts of Christians, Jews, Hindus, and Muslims, and explore the sights, sounds, and tastes of the world's most sacred texts.

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Exclusively for first-year students. Seminar provides introduction to various historical, religious, cultural, and linguistic aspects of the Middle East and South Asia. Topics vary.

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Exploration of themes such as identity, community, religion, and politics in the Middle East from ancient to modern times. Readings include historical and literary texts by various Middle Eastern authors. Required of all Middle East studies majors.

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Exploration of themes such as identity, community, religion, and politics in the Middle East from ancient to modern times. Readings include historical and literary texts by various Middle Eastern authors. Required of all Middle East studies majors.

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Middle Eastern literature in translation. An introduction to the literary traditions of the Middle East in English translation, exploring common theories, comparative approaches, and more. A discussion based course that fulfills the writing requirements.

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Middle Eastern literature in translation. An introduction to the literary traditions of the Middle East in English translation, exploring common theories, comparative approaches, and more. A discussion based course that fulfills the writing requirements.

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This course examines South Asian civilization from the perspective of the transition from medieval kingdoms to modern republics. It focuses on debates about history, community and identity to ask how South Asian societies conceived of belonging, power and prosperity.

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This course examines South Asian civilization from the perspective of the transition from medieval kingdoms to modern republics. It focuses on debates about history, community and identity to ask how South Asian societies conceived of belonging, power and prosperity.

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This course takes an interdisciplinary and comparative approach to the national cinemas of Turkey, Egypt, India, Israel and Iran. It investigates how the various national film industries represent and encode questions of national identity, politics and society.

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This course trains students to understand music traditions of the MESAS region (South Asia, South-East Asia, the Middle East or North Africa) and to perform music in the context to intellectual, cultural and artistic traditions of the region.

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This course introduces students to the main elements of Arab Culture and to the various aspects of social life in the modern Arab World. In English; no knowledge of Arabic required.

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An introduction to the main trends and works of Arabic literature in the twentieth century. No knowledge of Arabic required.

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An introduction to the main trends and works of Arabic literature in the twentieth century. No knowledge of Arabic required.

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An introduction to the folklore and folkways of the Jewish people around the world. Students will also be introduced to the techniques and methodologies of folkloric studies.

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Readings in translation of Eastern European and Israeli authors, focusing on short fiction by Nachman of Bratslav, Abramovitsh, Peretz, Sholem Aleichem, Agnon, Appelfeld, Amichai, and Yehoshua. In English.

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This course will emphasize transnational aspects of East Asian history, focusing on how the East Asian international system interacted with Southeast Asia, South Asia, Inner Asia, as well as with Europe and the U.S. from 1500 to the present.

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This course will be used as an elective for the Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies major. It will also fulfill requirements of affiliated departments.

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A careful examination of theory and methodology related to this branch of archaeology with special emphasis on famous discoveries, important sites, and the archaeological/historical background of Biblical events.

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Everyday life in ancient Israel (1200-586 BCE), including the economy, religion and cult, city planning, the Israelite kitchen, burials, status of women, and more.

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Everyday life in ancient Israel (1200-586 BCE), including the economy, religion and cult, city planning, the Israelite kitchen, burials, status of women, and more.

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A survey of the history of Jerusalem from its earliest times to the Crusader period through examination of archaeological remains and other ancient sources.

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A survey of the history of Jerusalem from its earliest times to the Crusader period through examination of archaeological remains and other ancient sources.

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This course will explore the archaeology of the ancient cultures located around the Mediterranean Sea and will transcend the east-west divide. Topics may include the world's first farmers and cities; palace and temple architecture; trade and travel across the Sea; and burials of royalty and slaves.

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Summer. Excavations in the Middle East, especially with the Summer Abroad Program affiliated with the Lahav Research Project at Tell Halif.

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This course introduces students to anthropological perspectives on the peoples and cultures of the Middle East (including North Africa). The purpose is to familiarize students with the cultural richness and diversity of this region.

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Special topics in Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies, at the 200 level; may be repeated when content varies.

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Special topics in Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies, at the 200 level; may be repeated when content varies.

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This course examines how South Asia and the Middle East have shaped each other's cultures and civilizations throughout history, focusing on politics, economic relations, literature, and material culture.

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This course examines how South Asia and the Middle East have shaped each other's cultures and civilizations throughout history, focusing on politics, economic relations, literature, and material culture.

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Two major epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, have had a long and sustained history in the development of civilizational values in South Asia. This course critically examines the role these epics have played in shaping South Asian civilizations, with a primary focus on literature and religion

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Explores various issues concerning Arab women through analysis of literary, documentary, critical, and film texts representing a wide range of social strata, genres, and points of view.

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This course is about The Sufi Way (Islamic Mysticism or tasawwuf), the Muslim effort to experience God's presence and make society good. It focuses on South Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh) and the Chishti Order, the region's most popular and influential Sufi community.

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An examination of the biographies of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, from historical, literary and social science perspectives to understand the origins of Islamic law and Muslim personal piety.

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An examination of the biographies of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, from historical, literary and social science perspectives to understand the origins of Islamic law and Muslim personal piety.

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This course is an introduction to Hadith, reports of the words and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad that have been collected in canonical works since the late eighth century CE.

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This course is an introduction to Hadith, reports of the words and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad that have been collected in canonical works since the late eighth century CE.

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The Qur'an in translation, from historical and literary perspectives, looking at its use in Islam, its language, stylistics, modes of narrative, and its relationship to Jewish, Christian, and Arabian traditions.

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The Qur'an in translation, from historical and literary perspectives, looking at its use in Islam, its language, stylistics, modes of narrative, and its relationship to Jewish, Christian, and Arabian traditions.

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This course is a survey of the major issues in the history, religion, culture, and civilization of the Islamic world in the pre-modern period.

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This course is a survey of the major issues in the history, religion, culture, and civilization of the Islamic world in the pre-modern period.

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This seminar analyzes the problem of Islam in modern history and focuses on religious responses to major events. Issues may include secularism and Post-Enlightenment modernism, reform movements, and Islamic liberalism.

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This course studies Islam through a legal lens. We explore the main sources of the Shari'a, and study examples of each in the spheres of ritual, criminal, family, and civil law. We also examine how tensions between law, morality, pragmatism, custom, and politics spur Islamic legal development.

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This course studies Islam through a legal lens. We explore the main sources of the Shari'a, and study examples of each in the spheres of ritual, criminal, family, and civil law. We also examine how tensions between law, morality, pragmatism, custom, and politics spur Islamic legal development.

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How do we understand the events that recently erupted with different degrees of violence in North African and Middle Eastern countries? Why were experts including diplomats, pundits, and politicians taken by surprise? How do media outlets like CNN, BBC, and Al Jazeera cover this "social uprising"?

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This course investigates Jewish culture and society in the Middle East, with special emphasis on the modern period. The approach is interdisciplinary (history, ethnography, religious study, and linguistics).

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Herod the Great ruled Palestine between 40-4 BCS. He changed the face of the land by building magnificent structures, some still standing, across the land and the region. The course explores the historical-cultural backgrounds to this period; his successes and failures; and what motivated him.

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Herod the Great ruled Palestine between 40-4 BCS. He changed the face of the land by building magnificent structures, some still standing, across the land and the region. The course explores the historical-cultural backgrounds to this period; his successes and failures; and what motivated him.

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Summer. This course explores the nature of Israeli society, culture, and land, on location. Summer only; in Israel. In English. No knowledge of Hebrew required.

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A course dealing with the history and structure of Judaic languages such as Hebrew, Yiddish, Judeo-Arabic, and Ladino.

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A course dealing with the history and structure of Judaic languages such as Hebrew, Yiddish, Judeo-Arabic, and Ladino.

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This course explores Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as other religious groups in the Holy Land in Israel. In English; no knowledge of Hebrew required.

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Description

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Description

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Description

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This is an introductory course on Tibetan culture focusing on selected themes and perspectives of Tibetan culture.

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This course introduces you to the complexities of Gandhi's thought and his political action, his spiritual heights and his idiosyncrasies. We will read Gandhi's own writings, which include his autobiography, his Hind Swaraj, and several seminal articles from his journal Harijan.

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This course introduces you to the complexities of Gandhi's thought and his political action, his spiritual heights and his idiosyncrasies. We will read Gandhi's own writings, which include his autobiography, his Hind Swaraj, and several seminal articles from his journal Harijan.

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This course examines the emergence of modern languages in South Asia, the development of multilingualism, and the use of different languages in different social and cultural settings in this multilayered, multilingual, mobile environment.

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This course examines the emergence of modern languages in South Asia, the development of multilingualism, and the use of different languages in different social and cultural settings in this multilayered, multilingual, mobile environment.

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India's women are presented in extreme images: spiritual or victimized. We shall consider the limitations of extreme and romanticized images, and open up new approaches in order to bring to life rich and diverse feminine figures.

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This course is intended to present an overview of the history of Tibet in an unbiased format. Beginning with an introduction to Tibet's geography, people, language and religion, students will then study selected events and episodes in the history of Tibet.

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This course will explore the literatures of identity and belonging in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It will cover Modern Hebrew literature authored by Jewish-Israeli writers and literature produced by Arab Palestinians in Israel, the Occupied Territories and the Palestinian Diaspora.

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This course will explore the literatures of identity and belonging in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It will cover Modern Hebrew literature authored by Jewish-Israeli writers and literature produced by Arab Palestinians in Israel, the Occupied Territories and the Palestinian Diaspora.

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This course explores the rich cultural heritage of this region through the architecture, art, and everyday artifacts recovered by archaeologists. We will examine the world's oldest temple, the first towns, the Hittite civilization, the Trojan War, early Greek cities, and King Midas' royal city.

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This course explores the rich cultural heritage of this region through the architecture, art, and everyday artifacts recovered by archaeologists. We will examine the world's oldest temple, the first towns, the Hittite civilization, the Trojan War, early Greek cities, and King Midas' royal city.

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This course examines the role and practice of magic in the ancient Mediterranean world from the earliest civilizations through the Roman period. Topics include practitioners, magical techniques, possession, necromancy, human sacrifice, spells, rituals, curses, and miracles.

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This course examines the role and practice of magic in the ancient Mediterranean world from the earliest civilizations through the Roman period. Topics include practitioners, magical techniques, possession, necromancy, human sacrifice, spells, rituals, curses, and miracles.

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From the Garden of Eden to the Prophets, this course explores the cultural and historical milieu in which the Hebrew Bible took shape.

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From the Garden of Eden to the Prophets, this course explores the cultural and historical milieu in which the Hebrew Bible took shape.

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This course is a systematic and empirical journey through the economic, political and governance landscapes of Europe, Middle East and North Africa through a comparative assessment of the evolution of state institutions and markets.

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This course is a systematic and empirical journey through the economic, political and governance landscapes of Europe, Middle East and North Africa through a comparative assessment of the evolution of state institutions and markets.

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This course is an introduction to Ancient Near Eastern writing systems, including cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the alphabet, their decipherment, and their influence on later writing systems.

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This course surveys major categories of artifacts from the pre-modern Middle East, from the 6th to 16th century. Buildings, ceramics, textiles, coins, dress, paintings and calligraphy will be examined to reveal their economic, social, cultural, and ideological context and content.

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This seminar explores the mechanisms and ramifications of overseas trade and travel in the Middle East and South Asia from antiquity to the seventeenth-century C.E.

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Using Edward W. Said's Orientalism as a point of departure, this courses examines the politics and aesthetics of representation in South Asian and Middle Eastern literatures.

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Using Edward W. Said's Orientalism as a point of departure, this courses examines the politics and aesthetics of representation in South Asian and Middle Eastern literatures.

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Survey of the history, cultures, and religions of Afghanistan and Central Asia including Tibet from antiquity to modern times. Topics will include the Silk Road, Buddhist, Christian, and Islamic cultures of the religion, and medieval, colonial, and modern history and politics

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Special topics in Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies, at the 300 level; may be repeated when content varies.

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Special topics in Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies, at the 300 level; may be repeated when content varies.

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Seminar on special issues in Jewish writing. May be repeated for credit when topic varies.

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Seminar on special issues in Jewish writing. May be repeated for credit when topic varies.

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This course provides a useful lens through which to examine the presence of Islam in European Societies. A Europe that has been swept by several dynamic forces of change: the consolidation of the European Union, a massive influx of Muslim immigrants, and the rising voice of Islamic fundamentalism.

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Historical and cultural survey of Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) and North Africa through the 16th century. The course focuses on the concept of Convivencia (co-existence) as theorized by modern Spanish and North African historians.

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Topics abroad in Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies; on location.

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Topics abroad in Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies; on location.

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Individual research on a chosen topic in Israeli or Holy Land studies.

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This course is an introduction to Shiite Islam, including a historical survey with particular attention to the Twelver and Ismaili traditions, showing how Shiism has shaped Islamic history in general.

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This course is an introduction to Shiite Islam, including a historical survey with particular attention to the Twelver and Ismaili traditions, showing how Shiism has shaped Islamic history in general.

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This course focuses on famous works of the Islamic world and treats the transmission of knowledge, religious orthodoxy and heresy, the presentation of self, and the theory of love. We will read The Arabian Nights, al-Ghazali's Deliverance from Error, and other works

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This course focuses on famous works of the Islamic world and treats the transmission of knowledge, religious orthodoxy and heresy, the presentation of self, and the theory of love. We will read The Arabian Nights, al-Ghazali's Deliverance from Error, and other works

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This course introduces students to Judeo-Arabic, the language of the Jews in Arab lands, through the study of Judeo-Arabic texts from various periods and places.

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Readings in various genres of literature in Arabic, Hebrew, Hindi-Urdu, or Persian.

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This course uses feminist theoretical reading strategies to ask what we can learn about notions of gender and sexuality in Islamic cultures, thereby surveying changes in these concepts historically.

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This course uses feminist theoretical reading strategies to ask what we can learn about notions of gender and sexuality in Islamic cultures, thereby surveying changes in these concepts historically.

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This seminar examines these two themes in the books of Exodus, Joshua, and Judges and then compares the biblical accounts with the archaeological record and extra-biblical materials from surrounding cultures.

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This course examines the neighbors of ancient Israel and their influence on Israel's history, culture and economy, using biblical, extrabiblical, and archaeological sources.

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This course examines the neighbors of ancient Israel and their influence on Israel's history, culture and economy, using biblical, extrabiblical, and archaeological sources.

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Special topics in Middle Eastern and South Asian Studies, at the 400 level; may be repeated when content varies.

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Among the topics studied are the patriarchs and the patriarchal period, the exodus and the settlement of Canaan, and the Israelite monarchy.

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Among the topics studied are the patriarchs and the patriarchal period, the exodus and the settlement of Canaan, and the Israelite monarchy.

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This seminar explores the Middle Eastern and South Asian peoples through the critique of Orientalism. Polemics about Islam in non-Muslim contexts are at the center of inquiry, looking at the contexts of "cross-cultural" and "inter-faith" encounters and the production of knowledge about the "Orient".

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This seminar explores the Middle Eastern and South Asian peoples through the critique of Orientalism. Polemics about Islam in non-Muslim contexts are at the center of inquiry, looking at the contexts of "cross-cultural" and "inter-faith" encounters and the production of knowledge about the "Orient".

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On demand. Applied learning in supervised work experience, utilizing skills related to Middle Eastern studies. Students are required to write a major research paper or the equivalent.

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Prerequisite: approval of Middle Eastern studies program adviser. Open to candidates for honors in their senior year. May be repeated for a maximum of eight hours of credit.

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Prerequisite: approval of Middle Eastern studies program adviser. Open to candidates for honors in their senior year. May be repeated for a maximum of eight hours of credit.

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Prerequisite: approval of MESAS curriculum committee. Studies of various topics in Middle Eastern studies.

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Fall. First in a series of courses that develop speaking, writing, reading, and comprehension of modern Persian as it is used in Iran.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Persian 101 or permission of instructor. Continuation of Persian 101.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Persian 102 or permission of instructor. Continued development of skills acquired in first year, with emphasis on expansion of vocabulary and work on reading, writing, and speaking skills.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Persian 201 or permission of instructor. Continuation of Persian 201, with focus on reading and interpretations of a variety of literary and popular texts.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Persian 202 or permission of instructor. Readings of selected literary texts and newspapers/media with attention to expansion of vocabulary, further development of listening, writing, and speaking skills, reading strategies, and cultural competence.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Persian 301 or permission of instructor. Continuation of Persian 301.

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Spring. Prerequisites: Persian 301 or permission of instructor. Continuation of Persian 301.

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Prerequsite: Persian 302WR or equivilent and approval of MESAS curriculum committee. Advanced students will read a selection of Persian poetry and prose texts to be determined in consultation with the instructor.

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Fall. Introduction to Tibetan that seeks to develop listening, reading, speaking, writing, and cultural skills in Tibetan. No previous knowledge of Tibetan is assumed.

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Spring. Introduction to Tibetan that seeks to develop listening, reading, speaking, writing, and cultural skills in Tibetan. Prerequisites: Tibetan 101 or the equivalent.

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Fall. Prerequisites: Tibetan 102 or permission of instructor. Third in a series of courses designed to teach Tibetan both spoken and classical with emphasis on grammatical structure, reading and writing along with expansion of vocabulary; includes short stories, cultural articles, and books.

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Prerequisites: Tibetan 201 or permission of instructor. Designed to continue learning both spoken and classical Tibetan with more in-depth instructions on grammatical structure and expansion of vocabulary; includes short stories, newspaper articles using both spoken an literary textual sources.

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